Ruby将字符串像数字一样处理.我们用单引号('...')或双引号("...")将它们括起来. ruby> "abc" "abc" ruby> 'abc' "abc" 单引号和双引号在某些情况下有不同的作用.一个由双引号括起来的字符串允许字符由一个前置的斜杠引出,而且可以用#{}内嵌表达式.而 单引号括起来的字符串并不会对字符串作任何解释;你看到的是什么便是什么.几个例子: ruby> print "a\nb\nc","\n" a c nil ruby> print 'a\nb\n',"\n" a\nb\nc nil ruby> "\n" "\n" ruby> '\n' "\\n" ruby> "\001" "\001" ruby> '\001' "\\001" ruby> "abcd #{5*3} efg" "abcd 15 efg" ruby> var = " abc " " abc " ruby> "1234#{var}5678" "1234 abc 5678" Ruby的字符串操作比C更灵巧,更直观.比如说,你可以用+把几个串连起来,用*把一个串重复好几遍: ruby> "foo" + "bar" "foobar" ruby> "foo" * 2 "foofoo" 相比之下,在C里,因为需要精确的内存管理,串联字符串要笨拙的多: char *s = malloc(strlen(s1)+strlen(s2)+1); strcpy(s, s1); strcat(s, s2); /* ... */ free(s); 但对于Ruby,我们不需要考虑字符串的空间占用问题,这令到我们可以从烦琐的内存管理中解脱出来. 下面是一些字符串的处理, 串联: ruby> word = "fo" + "o" "foo" 重复: ruby> word = word * 2 "foofoo" 抽取字符(注意:在Ruby里,字符被视为整数): ruby> word[0] 102 # 102 is ASCII code of `f' ruby> word[-1] 111 # 111 is ASCII code of `o' (负的索引指从字符串尾算起的偏移量,而不是从串头.) 提取子串: ruby> herb = "parsley" "parsley" ruby> herb[0,1] "p" ruby> herb[-2,2] "ey" ruby> herb[0..3] "pars" ruby> herb[-5..-2] "rsle" 检查相等: ruby> "foo" == "foo" true ruby> "foo" == "bar" false 注意:在Ruby 1.0里,以上结果以大写字母出现. 好,让我们来试试这些特性.下面是一个猜词的谜题,可能"谜题"这个词用在下面的东西上太酷了一点;-) # save this as guess.rb words = ['foobar', 'baz', 'quux'] secret = words[rand(3)] print "guess? " while guess = STDIN.gets guess.chop! if guess == secret print "You win!\n" break else print "Sorry, you lose.\n" end print "guess? " end print "The word was ", secret, ".\n" 现在,别太担心代码细节了.下面是谜题程序运行的一个对话. % ruby guess.rb guess? foobar Sorry, you lose. guess? quux Sorry, you lose. guess? ^D The word was baz.
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